Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment

Attracting FDI continues to be a policy priority for the government, and FDI plays a key role in driving Vietnam’s economic growth and development.  So-called FDI companies exported nearly $259 billion worth of goods in 2023, equal to over 73 percent of all goods exports, according to government statistics.  Both the central and lower-level governments actively seek to attract FDI, including by organizing investment facilitation trips to the United States and hosting annual investment conferences for foreign investors.

In 2022, the government issued a strategy on foreign investment cooperation through 2030.  The strategy articulates specific objectives, including boosting the share of foreign investment from key regions, increasing the presence of Fortune 500 multinational corporations in Vietnam, and improving Vietnam’s position in global and regional business climate indices.  In 2019, the Politburo issued Resolution 50 as part of a strategic effort to increase Vietnam’s attractiveness as an investment destination and improve the quality of investment by 2030.  The government subsequently revised laws on investment and enterprise to advance the goals set forth in Resolution 50 and encourage high-quality investment.

While Vietnam’s Law on Investment says the government must treat foreign and domestic investors equally, foreign investors have complained about facing extra hurdles to get ordinary government approvals.  The government continues to impose foreign ownership limits (FOL) in numerous industries.  In January 2020, the government removed FOLs on companies in the electronic payments sector and reformed electronic payments procedures for foreign firms.  Some U.S. investors report that these changes have provided more regulatory certainty, which has in turn instilled greater confidence as they consider long-term investment opportunities in Vietnam. U.S. investors continue to cite concerns about confusing tax regulations and retroactive changes to laws and regulations, including with respect to tax rates, tax policies, and preferential treatment of SOEs.  Additionally, U.S. enterprises report facing obstacles in extending and renewing investment certificates, citing prolonged periods of unresponsiveness from government entities.  Both foreign investors and government agencies have expressed concern regarding the speed and responsiveness of government decision making and approvals as a result of a sweeping, multi-year anti-corruption campaign.

MPI is the country’s national authority charged with promoting and facilitating foreign investment; most provinces and cities also have local equivalents.  MPI and local investment promotion offices provide information and explain regulations and policies to foreign investors.  They also report to the prime minister and Vietnam’s main legislative body, the National Assembly, on trends in foreign investment.  However, U.S. investors should still consult legal counsel or other experts regarding issues pertaining to investment.

Vietnam’s senior leaders often meet foreign government and private sector representatives to emphasize Vietnam’s attractiveness as an FDI destination.  The semiannual Vietnam Business Forum includes meetings between foreign investors and Vietnamese government officials.  The U.S.-ASEAN Business Council, American Chamber of Commerce (AmCham), and other U.S. associations also host missions for their U.S. company members, which allow for direct engagement with senior government officials.  Foreign investors in Vietnam have reported that these meetings and dialogues have helped address obstacles.

Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment

Both foreign and domestic private entities have the right to establish and own business enterprises in Vietnam and engage in most forms of legal remunerative activity in non-regulated sectors.

Vietnam has some statutory restrictions on foreign investment, including FOLs or requirements for joint partnerships, projects in banking, network infrastructure services, non-infrastructure telecommunication services, transportation, energy, and defense.  New regulations introduced in March 2021 identify 25 business lines in which foreigners are prohibited to invest and 59 other business lines with restrictions in place.

By law, the prime minister can waive FOLs on a case-by-case basis.  In practice, however, when the government has removed or eased FOLs, it has done so for a whole industry or sector rather than for a specific investment.  The level of foreign ownership or control allowed in a particular sector generally depends on the strategic importance of the sector to the Vietnamese economy and the government’s policy objectives.  The government of Vietnam periodically reviews and adjusts FOLs based on its economic development goals and investment needs.

MPI plays a key role with respect to investment screening.  All FDI projects require approval by the People’s Committee in the province in which projects are to be located.  By law, large-scale FDI projects must also obtain the approval of the National Assembly before investment can proceed.  MPI’s approval process includes an assessment of the investor’s legal status and financial strength, the project’s compatibility with the government’s long- and short-term goals for economic development and government revenue, the investor’s technological expertise, environmental protection concerns, and plans for land use and land clearance compensation, if applicable.  The government can, and sometimes does, stop foreign investment if it deems the investment harmful to Vietnam’s national security.

Certain types of FDI projects require the prime minister’s approval, including those for airports; seaports deemed strategic by the government; casinos; oil and gas exploration, production, and refining; telecommunications and network infrastructure; forestry; publishing; and projects that need approval from more than one province.

Other Investment Policy Reviews

In the past five years, Vietnam has undergone a number of third-party investment policy reviews, including by the WTO, World Bank, and OECD.

Business Facilitation

The government of Vietnam has several initiatives in progress to implement administrative reforms, such as building e-government platforms and single-window services.  In April 2023, USAID and the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) released the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2022 Report.  This annual report provides an independent, unbiased view on the provincial business environment by surveying thousands of domestic private firms on a variety of business issues.  Overall, Vietnam’s median PCI score improved, reflecting the government’s efforts to improve economic governance and the quality of infrastructure, as well as a decline in the prevalence of corruption.  VCCI and USAID also published an inaugural Provincial Green Index (PGI) in 2023, which assesses and ranks localities based on their environmental friendliness from a business perspective.

Vietnam has not signed the WTO Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement.

Vietnam’s nationwide business registration website is available here.  Information on Vietnam’s investment regulations can be found online via the government’s portal for foreign investment procedures.  The website provides information to investors regarding administrative procedures applicable to investment and income-generating operations.

Outward Investment

The government does not have a clear mechanism to promote or incentivize outward investment.  Domestic investors wishing to invest abroad face a number of procedural regulations.  Canada, Singapore, Laos, and Cuba were the most popular destinations for outward Vietnamese FDI in 2023.

Transparency of the Regulatory System

U.S. companies continue to report that they face frequent and significant challenges with inconsistent regulatory interpretation, irregular enforcement, and an unclear legal framework. U.S. companies have consistently voiced concerns that Vietnam lacks a fair legal system for investment, which affects U.S. companies’ ability to do business in Vietnam.

Accounting systems are inconsistent with international norms, and this increases transaction costs for investors. The government had previously said it intended to have most companies transition to International Financial Reporting Standards by 2020. Unable to meet this target, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) in March 2020 extended the deadline to 2025.

In Vietnam, the National Assembly passes laws, which serve as the highest form of legal direction, but laws often lack specifics. Ministries provide draft laws to the National Assembly. The prime minister issues decrees, which provide guidance on the implementation of laws. Individual ministries issue circulars, which provide guidance on how a ministry will administer aspects of a law or decree within its area of responsibility.

After implementing ministries have cleared a particular law for transmittal to the National Assembly, the government posts the law for a 60-day comment period, per the Law on the Promulgation of Legal Normative Documents. However, in practice, the public comment period is sometimes truncated. Foreign governments, NGOs, and private-sector companies can, and do, comment during this period, after which the responsible ministry may redraft the law. Upon completion of the revisions, the ministry submits the legislation to the Office of the Government for approval, including the prime minister’s signature, and the legislation moves to the National Assembly for committee review. During this process, the National Assembly can send the legislation back to the originating ministry for further changes. The Politburo reserves the right to review special or controversial laws. The law requires that legal documents be published in the Official Gazette before implementation.

In practice, drafting ministries often lack the resources needed to conduct adequate, data-driven assessments. Ministries are supposed to conduct policy impact assessments that holistically consider all factors before drafting a law, but the quality of these assessments varies.

The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) oversees administrative procedures for government ministries and agencies. The MOJ’s Regulatory Management Department oversees and reviews legal documents after they are issued to ensure compliance with the legal system.

Business associations and various chambers of commerce regularly comment on draft laws and regulations. However, when issuing more detailed implementing guidelines, government entities sometimes issue circulars with little advance warning and without public notification, resulting in little opportunity for comment by affected parties. In several cases, authorities have allowed comments for first drafts only and did not provide subsequent draft versions to the public. The centralized location where key regulatory actions are published can be found here .

MOF has implemented annual disclosure requirements for public companies with respect to their environmental, social, and governance policies. In 2016, the State Securities Commission, in cooperation with the International Finance Corporation, published an Environmental and Social Disclosure Guide that encourages independent external audits. While almost all public companies in Vietnam now perform an environmental and social impact assessment when investing in new projects, many see this exercise as merely procedural.

While general information is publicly available, Vietnam’s public finances and debt obligations, including explicit and contingent liabilities, are not sufficiently transparent. Official public debt figures exclude the debt of certain large SOEs. Vietnam could improve its fiscal transparency by, among other things, making its executive budget proposal, including budgetary and debt expenses, widely and easily accessible to the general public before the National Assembly enacts the budget and ensuring greater transparency of off-budget accounts.

International Regulatory Considerations

Vietnam is a member of ASEAN, a 10-member regional organization that works to advance economic integration through cooperation in economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific, and administrative fields. Within ASEAN, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has the goal of establishing a single market across ASEAN nations (similar to the EU’s single market), but member states have not made significant progress. To date, AEC’s greatest success has been in reducing tariffs on most products traded within the bloc.

Vietnam is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. APEC aims to facilitate business among member states through trade facilitation programming, senior-level leaders’ meetings, and regular dialogue.

Vietnam is party to the WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and has been implementing the TFA’s Category A provisions. Vietnam submitted its Category B and Category C implementation timelines in August 2018. According to these timelines, Vietnam will fully implement the Category B and C provisions by the end of 2024.

Legal System and Judicial Independence

Vietnam’s legal system mixes indigenous, French, and Soviet-inspired civil legal traditions. Vietnam generally follows an operational understanding of the rule of law that is consistent with its top-down, one-party political structure and traditionally inquisitorial judicial system, though in recent years the country has begun gradually introducing elements of an adversarial system.

The hierarchy of Vietnam’s courts is, in descending order of authority: the Supreme People’s Court; High People’s Courts; Provincial People’s Courts; and District People’s Courts. The People’s Courts operate in five divisions: criminal, civil, administrative, economic, and labor. The Supreme People’s Procuracy is responsible for prosecuting criminal activities as well as supervising judicial activities. Military tribunals at various levels also exist.

Vietnam lacks an independent judiciary, and there is no separation of powers in the legal system. For example, Vietnam’s chief justice is also a member of the Politburo. According to Transparency International, there is a significant risk of corruption in judicial rulings. According to one public report, nearly one-fifth of surveyed Vietnamese households that have been to court declared that they had paid bribes at least once. Many businesses try to avoid Vietnamese courts as much as possible.

The judicial system continues to face additional problems. For example, many judges and arbitrators lack adequate legal training and are appointed through personal or political contacts with party leaders or based on their political views. Regulations or enforcement actions are appealable, and appeals are adjudicated in the national court system. Through a separate legal mechanism, individuals and companies can file complaints against enforcement actions under the Law on Complaints.

The Commercial Law regulates commercial contracts between businesses. Specific regulations prescribe distinctive forms of contracts, depending on the nature of particular deals. If a contract does not contain a dispute resolution clause, courts will have jurisdiction over a dispute. Vietnamese law allows dispute resolution clauses in commercial contracts explicitly through the Law on Commercial Arbitration. The law follows the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law model law as an international standard for procedural rules.

Vietnamese courts will only consider recognition of civil judgments issued by courts in countries that have entered into agreements on recognition of judgments with Vietnam or on a reciprocal basis. However, except for a treaty with France, these treaties only cover non-commercial judgments.

Vietnam’s SOEs are governed by specific regulations designed to ensure their operations adhere to commercial principles. Nevertheless, certain provisions, carve-outs, and exceptions exist that permit special treatment for select, vital SOEs.

Competition and Antitrust Laws

The Vietnam Competition and Consumer Authority (VCCA) within the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) reviews transactions for competition-related concerns. VCCA has clarified that the Vietnamese merger control regime seeks to regulate only transactions that may have an anticompetitive impact on Vietnamese markets, especially those that enable enterprises to hold a dominant or monopoly position and heighten the risk of an abuse of dominance.

Expropriation and Compensation

Under the law, the government of Vietnam can only expropriate investor property in cases of emergency, disaster, defense, or national interest, and the government is required to compensate investors if it expropriates property. Under the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement, Vietnam must apply international standards of treatment in any case of expropriation or nationalization of U.S. investor assets, which includes acting in a non-discriminatory manner, with due process of law, and with prompt, adequate, and effective compensation.

Dispute Settlement

ICSID Convention and New York Convention

Vietnam is not a party to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention. MPI has submitted a proposal to the government to join the ICSID Convention, but the government has not moved forward on this initiative. Vietnam is a party to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement

Some of the investment treaties and FTAs to which Vietnam is party include provisions for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Technically, foreign and domestic arbitral awards are legally enforceable in Vietnam; however, foreign investors in Vietnam generally prefer international arbitration for predictability. Vietnamese courts may reject foreign arbitral awards if an award is contrary to the basic principles of domestic law.

According to UNCTAD, since 2013 there have been several ISDS cases brought against Vietnam under the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement. Vietnam is the respondent in several ongoing ISDS cases involving investors from the United States, PRC, Germany, Republic of Korea, Portugal, and United Kingdom.

International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts

Vietnam’s courts are often ineffective in settling commercial disputes due to Vietnam’s underdeveloped legal system. Negotiation between concerned parties or arbitration are the most common means of dispute resolution. The Law on Commercial Arbitration does not allow a foreign investor to refer an investment dispute to a court in a foreign jurisdiction. Vietnamese judges cannot apply foreign laws to a case before them, and foreign lawyers cannot represent plaintiffs in a court of law.

There are no readily available statistics on how often domestic courts rule in favor of SOEs. In general, the court system in Vietnam works slowly. International arbitration awards, when enforced, may take years from original judgment to payment. Many foreign companies, due to concerns related to time, costs, and bribery-related risks, have reported that they have turned to international arbitration or have asked influential individuals to weigh in on their behalf.

Bankruptcy Regulations

Under the Bankruptcy Law, bankruptcy is not criminalized unless it relates to another crime. The law defines insolvency as a condition in which an enterprise is more than three months overdue in meeting its payment obligations. The law also contains provisions allowing creditors to commence bankruptcy proceedings against an enterprise and procedures for credit institutions to file for bankruptcy. The Credit Information Center of the State Bank of Vietnam provides credit information services for foreign investors concerned about bankruptcy risks with respect to Vietnamese partners.

Investment Incentives

Foreign investors are exempt from import duties on goods imported for their own use that cannot be procured locally, including machinery, vehicles, components and spare parts for machinery and equipment, raw materials, inputs for manufacturing, and construction materials. Remote and mountainous provinces and special industrial zones are allowed to grant additional tax breaks and other incentives to prospective investors.

Investment incentives, including exemptions of some import tariffs and favorable land rental rates, are available in the following sectors: advanced technology, research and development, new materials, energy, clean energy, renewable energy, energy saving products, automobiles, software, waste treatment and management, and primary or vocational education. With Vietnam’s adoption of global minimum tax rules in 2023, tax-based incentives are likely to become less effective.

The government rarely issues guarantees for financing FDI projects. When it does so, it is usually because the project is connected to a national security priority. Joint financing with the government occurs when a foreign entity partners with an SOE. The government’s reluctance to guarantee projects reflects its desire to stay below a 60 percent public debt-to-GDP cap and avoid incurring liabilities from projects that would not be economically viable without the guarantee. This has delayed approval of many large-scale FDI projects.

MOIT is seeking to implement a USAID-assisted Direct Power Purchase Agreement (DPPA) pilot scheme which would enable renewable energy generators to directly sell clean electricity to private sector customers. Although the project was planned to begin in 2022, it remains on hold pending government approval. Under current electricity regulations in Vietnam, state-owned Electricity Vietnam has a statutory monopoly over the transmission, distribution, wholesale, and retail of electricity and is also the sole offtaker in the market.

Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation

Vietnam has prioritized efforts to establish and develop different kinds of foreign trade zones (FTZ) over the last decade. Industrial zones (IZ) are dedicated areas for industrial activities; export processing zones (EPZ) are a specific kind of IZ, focused on export-oriented production and activities.  Vietnam currently has more than 350 IZs and EPZs. Many foreign investors report that it is easier to implement projects in IZs than in other types of zoned land because they do not have to be involved in site clearance and infrastructure construction. Enterprises in FTZs pay no duties when importing raw materials if they export the finished products. Customs warehouse companies in FTZs can provide transportation services and act as distributors for deposited goods. Companies operating in these economic zones have been able to take advantage of certain tax incentives not available elsewhere in Vietnam.

Additional services relating to customs declaration, appraisal, insurance, reprocessing, or packaging require the approval of the provincial customs office. In practice, the time involved for clearance and delivery of goods by provincial customs officials can be lengthy and unpredictable.

Performance and Data Localization Requirements

The Law on Investment and related regulations identify sectors “with market entry restrictions” and “with conditions” for foreign investors. Market entry requirements and limitations for foreign investment in “conditional” sectors are specified in the Law on Investment and other specialized laws. All investors, foreign or domestic, must obtain formal approval, in the form of business licenses or other certifications, to satisfy “necessary conditions for reasons of national defense, security or order, social safety, social morality, and health of the community.”

In addition to market access conditions, the Law on Investment places two additional conditions on foreign investors investing in or acquiring stakes in a Vietnamese company: the investment must not compromise the national defense and security of Vietnam, and the investment must comply with the conditions relating to the use of sea-lands, borderlands, and coastal lands in accordance with applicable laws.

The term “national defense and security” is not defined under the Law on Investment, requiring investment projects to go through Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Public Security (MPS) for appraisal. This ambiguity gives regulatory agencies considerable flexibility to restrict investment activities in sensitive sectors or locations.

For existing investment projects, the extension of allowed investment terms will not be granted to any project using outdated technology, having any potential negative impact on the environment, or involving any exploitation of natural resources.

The Law on Cybersecurity came into effect in 2019. Implementing regulations that went into effect in August 2022 require all domestic companies, including foreign-invested subsidiaries in Vietnam, to store a copy of Vietnamese user data on servers located within Vietnam and establish a physical office in Vietnam that would be under the jurisdiction of Vietnamese law enforcement. If foreign firms, which are nominally exempt from the requirement, are found to be in violation of Vietnamese laws, MPS could force the firms to localize their data as well.

Vietnam enacted the Personal Data Protection Decree (PDPD) in April 2023. The PDPD applies to domestic and foreign entities directly engaging in data processing in Vietnam, regardless of industry or business.  The PDPD defines “basic personal data” but only vaguely defines “sensitive personal data” as personal data that, when violated, affects an individual’s rights.  The PDPD requires organizations to implement data protection programs, including appointing a data protection officer or department, conducting data protection impact assessments for cross-border data transfers, and mandatory reporting of data privacy violations. The PDPD does not impede free cross-border data flow.  Industry experts have raised concerns about the decree’s broad scope, extra compliance burden for businesses, and required annual review mechanism. While the PDPD is effective from July 2023, it stipulates a two-year grace period for small- and medium-sized businesses to implement data protection programs.

Real Property

The state collectively owns and manages all land in Vietnam. Neither foreigners nor Vietnamese nationals can own land. However, the government grants land use and building rights, often to individuals. According to the Ministry of National Resources and Environment (MONRE), as of December 2021 the government has issued land use rights certificates for 96 percent of land in Vietnam. If land is not used according to the land use rights certificate or if it is unoccupied, the rights revert to the government. If investors do not use land leased within 12 consecutive months or delay land use by 24 months from the original investment schedule, the government is entitled to reclaim the land. Investors can seek an extension but not for more than 24 months. Vietnam is building a national land registration database, and some localities have already digitized their land records.

State protection of property rights is still evolving. The law does not clearly specify circumstances in which the government may invoke eminent domain. Under the Housing Law and Real Estate Business Law, the government can take land if it deems it necessary for socio-economic development in the public or national interest and the prime minister, National Assembly, or Provincial People’s Council approves such action. However, the law loosely defines “socio-economic development.”

Disputes over land rights continue to be a significant driver of social protests in Vietnam. Foreign investors also may be exposed to land disputes through merger and acquisition activities when they buy into a local company or implement large-scale infrastructure projects.

Foreign investors can lease land for renewable periods of 50 years, and up to 70 years in some underdeveloped areas. This allows titleholders to conduct property transactions, including mortgages on property. Some investors have encountered difficulties amending investment licenses to expand operations onto land adjoining existing facilities. Investors also note that local authorities may seek to increase requirements for land use rights when current rights must be renewed, particularly when the investment in question competes with Vietnamese companies.

In early 2024, Vietnam adopted a new Land Law that, together with an updated Housing Law and Real Estate Business Law, aims to facilitate improved opportunities for investment in property, including by foreign investors.

Intellectual Property Rights

Vietnam remains on the Special 301 Report on Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement Watch List. Vietnam does not have a strong record on protecting and enforcing intellectual property (IP) rights. Fractured authority and a lack of coordination among ministries and agencies responsible for enforcement are the primary obstacles, and capacity constraints related to enforcement persist, in part, due to a lack of resources and IP expertise. Vietnam has no specialized IP courts or judges and continues to rely heavily on administrative enforcement actions, which prioritize ending infringing behavior rather than imposing penalties on violators and have consistently failed to deter widespread counterfeiting and piracy.

There have been some positive developments since 2020, such as the issuance of a national IP strategy, public awareness campaigns and training activities, and reported improvements on border enforcement in some parts of the country. Vietnam’s IP Law was amended in 2022 and took effect at the beginning of 2023. The law brings Vietnam’s IP regulations into line with its commitments under the CPTPP and EVFTA. However, IP enforcement remains a challenge, and the United States is monitoring the implementation of the IP provisions of the CPTPP and EVFTA.

The United States is closely monitoring and engaging with the Vietnamese government on the ongoing implementation of amendments to the Penal Code, particularly with respect to criminal enforcement of IP violations. Counterfeit goods are widely available online and in physical markets. Issues persist with online piracy (including the use of piracy devices and applications to access unauthorized audiovisual content), book piracy, a lack of effective criminal measures for cable and satellite signal theft, and both private and public sector software piracy.

Vietnam’s system for protecting against the unfair commercial use and unauthorized disclosure of undisclosed tests or other data generated to obtain marketing approval for pharmaceutical products needs further clarification.

In its international agreements, Vietnam has committed to strengthening its IP regime. In September 2019, Vietnam acceded to the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs, and the United States is monitoring implementation of that agreement. Vietnam officially joined the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure in June 2021, the WIPO Copyright Treaty in November 2021, and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty in April 2022. In July 2022, Vietnam released a roadmap to implement the Budapest Treaty.

The United States, through the U.S.-Vietnam Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) and other bilateral fora, continues to urge Vietnam to address IP issues and provide interested stakeholders with meaningful opportunities for input as it proceeds with these reforms. The United States and Vietnam signed a Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement in December 2019, which will facilitate bilateral cooperation in IP enforcement.

For more information, please see the following reports from the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative:

• Special 301 Report
• Notorious Markets Report 

For additional information about national laws and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/ .

Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment

The country has two stock markets: the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE), which lists publicly traded companies, and the Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX), which lists bonds and derivatives. The Securities Law states that Vietnam Exchange, a parent company for both exchanges, with board members appointed by the government, will manage trading operations. By the end of June 2025, HNX plans to complete transferring all its listed stocks to HOSE and focus on bonds and derivatives; HOSE will focus on listed stocks, fund certificates, warrants, and stocks for the unlisted public company market, which is currently managed by the HNX.

Morgan Stanley Capital International classifies Vietnam as a frontier market due to FOLs as well as shortcomings related to equal rights for foreign investors, information flow, foreign exchange liberalization, and market infrastructure. The frontier market designation precludes some of the world’s biggest asset managers from investing in Vietnam.

Vietnam did not meet its goal to be considered an emerging market in 2020 and pushed back the timeline to 2025. Foreign investors often face difficulties in making portfolio investments because of cumbersome bureaucratic procedures. Furthermore, in the first three months of 2021, surges in trading frequently crashed the HOSE’s decades-old technology platform, resulting in investor frustration. Vietnam put into place an interim trading platform in July 2021 that has addressed the HOSE’s overload issues while it awaits a new trading system. As of early 2024, the HOSE had begun conducting trial runs of a new trading system, which will help meet market requirements for Vietnam’s stock trading, including with respect to market information, market surveillance, clearing, settlement, and registration and depository.

There is sufficient liquidity in the market to enter and maintain sizable positions. Combined market capitalization at the end of 2023 was approximately $240 billion, equal to 56 percent of Vietnam’s GDP, with the HOSE accounting for $186 billion. The government maintains a target for stock market capitalization reaching 100 percent of GDP by 2025 and 120 percent of GDP by 2030. The government maintains a similar target for outstanding bond market debt reaching 58 percent of GDP—with corporate debt accounting for at least 25 percent of GDP—by 2030.

Vietnam complies with the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Article VIII. The government notified the IMF that it accepted the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4, effective November 8, 2005.

Money and Banking System

Vietnam’s banking sector has been stable since recovering from the 2008 global recession. Nevertheless, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), Vietnam’s central bank, estimated in 2022 that 30 percent of Vietnam’s population is underbanked or lacks bank accounts due to a preference for cash, distrust in commercial banking, limited geographical distribution of banks, and a lack of financial acumen. The World Bank’s Global Findex Database 2017 estimated that only 31 percent of Vietnamese over the age of 15 had an account at a financial institution or through a mobile money provider.

The COVID-19 pandemic increased strains on the financial system as a growing number of debtors were unable to make loan payments. This strain has continued, though Vietnamese banks broadly reported stable financial results in 2022. At the end of 2023, SBV reported that the percentage of non-performing loans in the banking sector was 4.55 percent, up from 2.03 percent at the end of 2022.

By the end of 2023, the banking sector’s estimated total assets stood at $841 billion, of which $349 billion belonged to seven state-owned and majority state-owned commercial banks, accounting for 41 percent of total assets in the sector. Though classified as joint-stock (private) commercial banks, the Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade (VietinBank), and Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam (Vietcombank) are all majority-owned by SBV. In addition, SBV holds 100 percent of Agribank, Global Petro Commercial Bank (GPBank), Construction Bank (CBBank), and Oceanbank.

Local banks generally allocate credit on market terms, but the authorities maintain an annual cap on credit growth, and the banking sector is not as sophisticated or well-capitalized as those in advanced economies. Foreign investors can acquire credit in the local market, but both foreign and domestic firms often seek foreign financing since domestic banks do not have sufficient capital at appropriate interest rate levels for a significant number of projects.

Currently, the total FOL in a Vietnamese bank is 30 percent. Specifically for foreign investors, there is also a five percent limit for non-strategic individual investors, a 15 percent limit for non-strategic institutional investors, and a 20 percent limit for strategic institutional partners. These limits are subject to change following the passage of legislation in early 2024 that lowered similar limits for domestic shareholders. SBV has proposed lifting the FOL to 49 percent for banks that acquire or participate in restructuring “weak” banks.

The U.S. Mission in Vietnam did not find any evidence that a Vietnamese bank had lost a correspondent banking relationship in the past three years; there is also no evidence that a correspondent banking relationship is currently in jeopardy.

Vietnam passed an updated Law on Credit Institutions in 2024 that contains measures meant to, among other things, improve financial stability, expand SBV’s powers of intervention, combat cross-ownership, tighten ownership limits, and codify related regulations into law.

Foreign Exchange and Remittances

Foreign Exchange

There are no legal restrictions on foreign investors converting and repatriating earnings or investment capital from Vietnam. A foreign investor can convert and repatriate earnings, provided the investor has the supporting documents required by law, proving that they have completed financial obligations, including with respect to corporate income tax declarations and payments.

SBV sets the interbank lending rate and announces a daily interbank reference exchange rate. SBV determines the latter based on the previous day’s average interbank exchange rates, while considering movements in the currencies of Vietnam’s major trade and investment partners.

Remittance Policies

Vietnam mandates that in-country transactions be made in Vietnamese dong. The government allows foreign businesses to remit lawful profits, capital contributions, and other legal investment earnings via authorized institutions that handle foreign currency transactions. Although foreign companies can remit profits legally, sometimes these companies encounter bureaucratic difficulties, as they are required to provide supporting documentation (e.g., audited financial statements, import/foreign-service procurement contracts, proof of tax obligation fulfillment, etc.). SBV also requires foreign investors to submit notification of profit remittance abroad to tax authorities at least seven working days prior to the remittance. The inflow of foreign currency into Vietnam is less constrained. There are no recent changes or plans to change remittance policies that either tighten or relax access to foreign exchange for profit remittances.

Sovereign Wealth Funds

The wholly state-owned State Capital Investment Corporation (SCIC), established in 2005, acts as a sovereign wealth fund for Vietnam. SCIC has been under the supervision of the Committee for Management of State Capital at Enterprises (CMSC) since November 2018.

SCIC does not follow the Santiago Principles, nor does it participate in the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds. 100 percent of SCIC’s portfolio is invested in Vietnam, and its investment of dividends and proceeds does not appear to have any ramifications for U.S. investors. SCIC’s financial statements are audited and can be found on its website .

Privatization Program

Vietnam officially started privatizing SOEs in 1998. The process has been slow because privatization typically transfers only a small share of an SOE (two to three percent) to the private sector, and investors have had concerns about the financial health of many companies. Additionally, the government has inadequate regulations with respect to privatization procedures.

Additional Resources

Department of State

• Country Reports on Human Rights Practices;
• Trafficking in Persons Report;
• Guidance on Implementing the “UN Guiding Principles” for Transactions Linked to Foreign Government End-Users for Products or Services with Surveillance Capabilities
• U.S. National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; and;
• Xinjiang Supply Chain Business Advisory 

Department of the Treasury

• OFAC Recent Actions

Department of Labor

• Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Report;
• List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor;
• Sweat & Toil: Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking Around the World and;
• Comply Chain.

Climate Issues

Vietnam is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Estimates suggest that Vietnam must make hundreds of billions of dollars in investment in adaptation and mitigation in the coming two decades to transition to clean energy and reduce its vulnerabilities. The World Bank has estimated that without concerted investment, climate change could cost Vietnam 12 to 14.5 percent of its GDP by 2050.

At COP26, the prime minister announced Vietnam’s commitment to net zero emissions by 2050. Following COP26, Vietnam established a National Steering Committee on Implementation of COP26 Commitments headed by the prime minister. The prime minister has requested all relevant ministries to study and develop programs to fulfill Vietnam’s commitments. In 2022, Vietnam issued a new climate strategy valid until 2050 to reflect its net zero commitment. Vietnam also updated its Nationally Determined Contributions in 2022 in line with its net zero commitment.

In October 2021, Vietnam issued its National Strategy on Green Growth for 2021-2030. The strategy sets specific goals on greenhouse gas reductions and tasks various ministries to develop specific plans and strategies. The strategy also sets targets for green content requirements in public procurement.

In February 2022, Vietnam issued its National Biodiversity Strategy for 2021-2030. Vietnam will increase the size of its protected and restored natural ecosystems under the new strategy, aiming to conserve and use biodiversity as a sustainable response to the effects of climate change.

Vietnam is developing a National Action Plan on the Circular Economy, which is now being circulated among different ministries for comment. The action plan will provide guidance on implementation of the circular economy in Vietnam as defined in the 2020 Law on Environmental Protection.

Resources to Report Corruption

Contact at the government agency or agencies that are responsible for combating corruption:
Mr. Phan Dinh Trac
Chairman of Communist Party Central Committee Internal Affairs
4 Nguyen Canh Chan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi
Tel: +84 0804-3557

Contact at a watchdog organization:
Ms. Nguyen Thi Kieu Vien
Executive Director of Towards Transparency
Floor 4, No 37 Lane 35, Cat Linh Street, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: +84-24-37153532 Fax: +84-24-37153443
Email: kieuvien@towardstransparency.vn